Keywords
biologically active area
green roof
intensive
extensive
sustainable construction
green roof
intensive
extensive
sustainable construction
Abstract
Urbanization leads to the expansion of urban areas and increased population density, which has a negative impact on natural resources, including green spaces. To address these environmental challenges, various green measures and sustainable development practices offer environmental, economic and societal benefits. This article provides an overview of different types of green roofs, discusses their advantages and disadvantages, and outlines current legislation on biologically active areas in new residential developments. A residential project in the Ursus district of Warsaw was used as a case study to compare intensive and extensive green roofs. The project involved the installation of vegetation on the roof of an underground garage and later on the roof of the building, with detailed descriptions of the roof layers and vegetation used. One experiment examined seasonal variations in water runoff from green roofs. Three test sites simulated different seasons, with substrates in containers and vegetation watered twice daily. Results showed that spring, with temperatures around 15°C, provided optimal conditions for green roof establishment, while winter posed challenges due to frost. Both intensive and extensive green roofs have positive environmental, social and economic impacts, supporting the pillars of sustainable development. Examples of global green infrastructure further illustrate these benefits.
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7. Cascone, S., & Rosso, F. (2023). Green roof as a passive cooling technique for the Mediterranean climate: An experimental study. TeMa, 09(02). https://doi.org/10.30682/tema090006
8. Cappello, C., Giuffrida, S., Trovato, M. R., & Ventura, V. (2022). Environmental identities and the sustainable city. The green roof prospect for the ecological transition. Sustainability, 14(19), 12005. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912005
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11. Chmura, A., & Kobierska-Maciuszko, E. (1997). The Warsaw University Library Design for a new building. EUROPEAN RESEARCH LIBRARIES COOPERATION, 7, 276-286.
12. Cristiano, E., Deidda, R., & Viola, F. (2021). The role of green roofs in urban Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem nexus: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 756, 143876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143876
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14. Drozd, W. (2019). Problems and benefits of using green roofs in Poland. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 214, No. 1, p. 012076). IOP Publishing. DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/214/1/012076
15. Fang, H., Li, Y., Gu, X., Du, Y., Chen, P., & Hu, H. (2024). Evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, and yield for film mulched maize under different nitrogen-fertilization rates and climate conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 301, 108935.
16. García-Lamarca, M., Anguelovski, I., Cole, H. V., Connolly, J. J., Pérez-del-Pulgar, C., Shokry, G., & Triguero-Mas, M. (2022). Urban green grabbing: Residential real estate developers discourse and practice in gentrifying Global North neighborhoods. Geoforum, 128, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.11.016
17. Gopagani, S., Filiatrault, A., Aref, A. J., & Perrone, D. (2023). Finite-element modeling for seismic damage estimation of suspended ceiling systems. Journal of Structural Engineering, 149(2), 04022241. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11593
18. Groos N., Dages M. (2008): Millenium Park: A Model for Successful Urban Green Space Redevelopment
19. Gyurkovich, M., Kołata, J., Pieczara, M., & Zierke, P. (2024). Assessment of the Greenery Content in Suburban Multi-Family Housing Models in Poland: A Case Study of the Poznań Metropolitan Area. Sustainability, 16(8), 3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083266
20. Hollin, C. R. (2023). The Psychological Appeal of Gardens. Taylor & Francis.
21. Hopkins, G., & Goodwin, C. (2011). Living architecture: green roofs and walls. Csiro Publishing.
22. HulickA, A. (2015). Zielone dachy: chwilowy trend, realna przyszłość czy utopia?.
23. Janiak, J. (2019). Zieleń na elewacjach–problem czy korzyść dla budynku?. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura, 18(1).
24. Jim, C. Y., Hui, L. C., & Rupprecht, C. D. (2022). Public perceptions of green roofs and green walls in Tokyo, Japan: A call to heighten awareness. Environmental Management, 70(1), 35-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01625-8
25. Journal of Laws 2016, item 1395
26. Kaim, K., & Kruzel, R. (2022). Legal aspects of building a house up to 70 m2 without permission. Is it worth it?. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo, 27-35.
27. Kania, A., Mioduszewska, M., Płonka, P., Rabiński, J. A., Skarżyński, D., Walter, E., & Weber-Siwirska, M. (2013). Zasady projektowania i wykonywania zielonych dachów i żyjących ścian. Poradnik dla gmin. Stowarzyszenie Gmin Polska Sieć “Energie Cités”, Kraków.
28. Karczmarczyk, A., Baryla, A., Charazinska, P., Bus, A., & Frak, M. (2012). Wpływ substratu dachu zielonego na jakość wody z niego odpływajacej. Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich, (3/III).
29. NY Times. Available online https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/09/realestate/the-green-roof-revolution.html, access date 15.07.2024
30. Koroxenidis, E., & Theodosiou, T. (2021). Comparative environmental and economic evaluation of green roofs under Mediterranean climate conditions–Extensive green roofs a potentially preferable solution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 311, 127563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127563
31. Kronenberg, J., Haase, A., Łaszkiewicz, E., Antal, A., Baravikova, A., Biernacka, M., ... & Onose, D. A. (2020). Environmental justice in the context of urban green space availability, accessibility, and attractiveness in postsocialist cities. Cities, 106, 102862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102862
32. Lechnio, J., & Malinowska, E. (2018). Weryfikacja granic mezoregionów fizycznogeograficznych w zasięgu województwa mazowieckiego. Prace i Studia Geograficzne, 63(1), 75-91.
33. Liberalesso, T., Cruz, C. O., Silva, C. M., & Manso, M. (2020). Green infrastructure and public policies: An international review of green roofs and green walls incentives. Land use policy, 96, 104693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104693
34. Liu, H., Kong, F., Yin, H., Middel, A., Zheng, X., Huang, J., ... & Wen, Z. (2021). Impacts of green roofs on water, temperature, and air quality: A bibliometric review. Building and Environment, 196, 107794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107794
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